Spatial Analysis of Fish Diversity, Evenness, and Dominance in Three Lakes of West Java During the Seasonal Transition Period for Ecosystem Health Assessment
Abstract
Small lakes in West Java are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures such as land-use change, nutrient enrichment, and water-quality deterioration, making spatially explicit biological assessment important for detecting early signs of ecosystem imbalance. The study examined spatial variation in fish community structure as an indicator of ecosystem condition in three small lakes in West Java—Tonjong, Tunggilis, and Suradita—using an ecologically based quantitative descriptive approach, with the specific objective of identifying segment-level patterns of fish diversity, evenness, and dominance that can distinguish relatively balanced zones from priority stress zones for management. Sampling followed a zonal spatial design across inlet, middle, and outlet segments in each lake, with three plot-level replicates per segment, yielding 27 sampling units in total. Surveys were conducted once per month from August to October 2024 during the seasonal transition period. Fish assemblages were evaluated using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′), evenness (E), and Simpson’s dominance index (D), and interpreted through segment-based spatial profiles rather than continuous surface interpolation. The results showed clear variation among lakes and segments: Tonjong displayed the strongest internal zonal gradient, with diversity decreasing and dominance increasing toward the outlet, Tunggilis showed a more transitional inlet–middle–outlet pattern, and Suradita exhibited relatively more uniform segment-level values. Heatmap analysis further indicated assemblage compression and possible biotic homogenization, while exploratory regressions suggested that higher dKH, hardness, and chlorine were associated with lower diversity and higher dominance. Overall, the study provides baseline zonation patterns that support spatially targeted lake monitoring and management in tropical urban freshwater ecosystems.
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